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	Sir Astley Paston Cooper	Cooper's Ligaments	Sir Jonathan Cope	Cope Rearrangement	Arthur C. Cope
$Jack C. Copeland was an American ophthalmologist, born January 10, 1900; died March 24, 1973. Jack C. Copeland was professor in the field of retinoscopy and refraction at the Northwestern University Medical School in Chicago. Our contributor, William Charles Caccamise Sr, was a graduate student there in 1949 and describes Copeland as ‘a wonderful teacher and a wonderful human being’.$ Jack C. Copeland	$Optometrists use retinoscopes as a form of objective refraction test. The instruments are used to illuminate the internal eye and to observe and measure the rays of light as they are reflected by the retina. In this way the optometrist can achieve an objective examination of the eye and the manner in which it functions as an organic optical instrument. In order to obtain an accurate refraction for the patient the optometrist may then need to perform various subjective tests in which the patient's opinion on the effect of selected lenses will be sought. Streak Retinoscopes: Since an astigmatic eye produces a linear fundus reflex, a rectangular beam or streak of light rather than a spot could be more useful in detecting astigmatism. Early pioneers produced their own mirrors with a slit in the middle to convert the spot into a linear beam. The father of streak retinoscopy was Jack C. Copeland (1900-1973) who introduced the first variable vergence streak retinoscope in the early 1920s, apparently after accidentally damaging the bulb of a Wolff Spot retinoscope when he dropped it. He patented his design in 1927. The instrument produced its own linear beam which could rotate through all the ocular meridians. He went on to spend his life teaching its use, latterly at the Medical College of Wisconsin. Bausch & Lomb, whom Copeland joined as technical consultant in 1927, took on the patented design and ran with it for the next half century. In the mid 20th century this was available in Britain as the Pulzone Streak Retinoscope. The practitioner looked through the peephole in the head of the instrument along the beam of light projecting out of the other side. By moving the sleeve up or down he could change the focus (vergence) of the beam and by turning the sleeve he could rotate the projected streak.$ Copeland Streak Retinoscope	Arthur Herbert Copeland	Copeland Erdos Constant	Copeland Septet	Ralph Copeland
William Cooper	Cooperstown	Nicolaus Copernicus	Copernican Heliocentrism	Copernicus Binary Star 55 A	Copernicum 285
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